[21] The term sacrum ("holy", in the sense of "consecrated") in connection with the medieval Roman Empire was used beginning in 1157 under Frederick I Barbarossa ("Holy Empire"): the term was added to reflect Frederick's ambition to dominate Italy and the Papacy. According to Regino of Prüm, the parts of the realm "spewed forth kinglets", and each part elected a kinglet "from its own bowels". Les conditions de l'élection sont fixées en 1356 par l'empereur Charles IV dans une « Bulle d'or » qui limite à sept les Princes Électeurs. Peasants were increasingly required to pay tribute to their lands. The title continued in the Carolingian family until 888 and from 896 to 899, after which it was contested by the rulers of Italy in a series of civil wars until the death of the last Italian claimant, Berengar I, in 924. [17][18] Scholars generally concur, however, in relating an evolution of the institutions and principles constituting the empire, describing a gradual assumption of the imperial title and role.[8][15]. Nevertheless, some members of the imperial estates (notably Berthold von Henneberg, archbishop of Mainz) sought a more centralized and institutionalized approach to regulating peace and justice, as (supposedly) had existed in earlier centuries of the Empire's history. [40] In 797, the Eastern Roman Emperor Constantine VI was removed from the throne by his mother Irene who declared herself Empress. Emperor Francis II dissolved the empire on 6 August 1806 following the creation of the Confederation of the Rhine by Emperor Napoleon I the month before. German-speaking farmers, traders, and craftsmen from the western part of the Empire, both Christians and Jews, moved into these areas. At this time, many local dukes saw it as a chance to oppose the hegemony of Emperor Charles V. The empire then became fatally divided along religious lines, with the north, the east, and many of the major cities – Strasbourg, Frankfurt, and Nuremberg – becoming Protestant while the southern and western regions largely remained Catholic. [79] Denmark, Great Britain, and Sweden had land holdings in Germany and so had representation in the Diet itself. The direct governance of the Reichsgut no longer matched the needs of either the king or the dukes. This only changed after the end of the Salian dynasty in the 12th century. It lasted until 1866 when Prussia founded the North German Confederation, a forerunner of the German Empire which united the German-speaking territories outside of Austria and Switzerland under Prussian leadership in 1871. Whether and to what degree he had to be German was disputed among the Electors, contemporary experts in constitutional law, and the public. Landfrieden was not only a matter imposed by kings (which might disappear in their absence), but was also upheld by regional leagues and alliances (also called "associations"). After returning to Germany, an embittered Frederick opened proceedings against the Duke, resulting in a public ban and the confiscation of all his territories. Avant de dresser la liste des empereurs dits du Saint-Empire romain germanique, il convient de dresser la liste des rois des Francs carolingiens arborant le titre d'empereur des Romains, ce titre ayant été porté initialement par ceux-ci avant ceux-là. Il a été fondé au Xe siècle par Otton Ier et a disparu le 6 août 1806 par la volonté de Napoléon Ier. Rules from the past no longer adequately described the structure of the time, and a reinforcement of earlier Landfrieden was urgently needed. Mais les insignes impériaux conservés à Vienne, sont revendiqués par la ville d'Aix qui, par chapitre Carolina Chapel, revendique la propriété … He abdicated and divided his territories between Philip and Ferdinand of Austria. [23], In a decree following the 1512 Diet of Cologne, the name was changed to the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation (German: Heiliges Römisches Reich Deutscher Nation, Latin: Sacrum Imperium Romanum Nationis Germanicæ),[24] a form first used in a document in 1474. Cercle de Basse Saxe (1356-1806) Cercle de Bavière (9..-1806) Cercle de Haute-Saxe (1356-1806) Cercle de … Rodolphe 1er de Habsbourg, élu en 1273, n'a cure d'entrer dans les querelles italiennes et se satisfait du gouvernement de l'Allemagne et dédaigne de faire le voyage à Rome. "[28], In the modern period, the Empire was often informally called the German Empire (Deutsches Reich) or Roman-German Empire (Römisch-Deutsches Reich). Largest cities or towns of the Empire by year: Roman Catholicism constituted the single official religion of the Empire until 1555. The Holy Roman Emperor was always a Roman Catholic. Norman Davies, A History of Europe (Oxford, 1996), pp. After his death, his second son, Henry V, reached an agreement with the Pope and the bishops in the 1122 Concordat of Worms. [44]:118 Henry reached a truce with the raiding Magyars, and in 933 he won a first victory against them in the Battle of Riade. The King also made sure that his own court, the Reichshofrat, continued to operate in parallel to the Reichskammergericht. Foreign powers, including France and Sweden, intervened in the conflict and strengthened those fighting Imperial power, but also seized considerable territory for themselves. The monastic state of the Teutonic Order (German: Deutschordensstaat) and its later German successor state of Prussia were never part of the Holy Roman Empire. [34] In 751, Martel's son Pepin became King of the Franks, and later gained the sanction of the Pope. Otto prevailed for a while after Philip was murdered in a private squabble in 1208 until he began to also claim Sicily. The Golden Bull also set forth the system for election of the Holy Roman Emperor. The Council of Imperial Cities was not fully equal with the others; it could not vote on several matters such as the admission of new territories. Germany would enjoy relative peace for the next six decades. The Holy Roman Empire became eventually composed of four kingdoms. Francis' House of Habsburg-Lorraine survived the demise of the empire, continuing to reign as Emperors of Austria and Kings of Hungary until the Habsburg empire's final dissolution in 1918 in the aftermath of World War I. Given the political fragmentation of the Empire, there were no central agencies that could compile such figures. Its description comes from Héraldique Européenne. The German mediatization was the series of mediatizations and secularizations that occurred between 1795 and 1814, during the latter part of the era of the French Revolution and then the Napoleonic Era. Mari fidèle et excellent musicien, il composa lui-même plusieurs œuvres et nomma en 1698 Johann Joseph Fux à la charge de compositeur de la cour. Before this, cities had only existed in the form of old Roman foundations or older bishoprics. It must not be confused with the Imperial Army (Kaiserliche Armee) of the Emperor. [73][48], The Imperial Diet (Reichstag) resided variously in Paderborn, Bad Lippspringe, Ingelheim am Rhein, Diedenhofen (now Thionville), Aachen, Worms, Forchheim, Trebur, Fritzlar, Ravenna, Quedlinburg, Dortmund, Verona, Minden, Mainz, Frankfurt am Main, Merseburg, Goslar, Würzburg, Bamberg, Schwäbisch Hall, Augsburg, Nuremberg, Quierzy-sur-Oise, Speyer, Gelnhausen, Erfurt, Eger (now Cheb), Esslingen, Lindau, Freiburg, Cologne, Konstanz and Trier before it was moved permanently to Regensburg. Charlemagne adopted the formula Renovatio imperii Romanorum ("renewal of the Roman Empire"). Quiz Les empires : Le Saint-Empire romain germanique ou le Ier Reich (962-1806) : L'Empire à la « sauce » germanique. [48] Kings traveled between residences (called Kaiserpfalz) to discharge affairs, though each king preferred certain places; in Otto's case, this was the city of Magdeburg. Découvrez toutes nos lettres déjà parues. De 476 à 800, la notion de l'Empire romain subsista en se modifiant. [citation needed] The last such emperor was Berengar I of Italy, who died in 924. [64] Due to a combination of (1) the traditions of dynastic succession in Aragon, which permitted maternal inheritance with no precedence for female rule; (2) the insanity of Charles's mother, Joanna of Castile; and (3) the insistence by his remaining grandfather, Maximilian I, that he take up his royal titles, Charles initiated his reign in Castile and Aragon, a union which evolved into Spain, in conjunction with his mother. [46]:707 In 962, Otto was crowned emperor by Pope John XII,[46]:707 thus intertwining the affairs of the German kingdom with those of Italy and the Papacy. A further important constitutional move at Roncaglia was the establishment of a new peace mechanism for the entire empire, the Landfrieden, with the first imperial one being issued in 1103 under Henry IV at Mainz. However, that jurisdiction at the time did not include legislation, which was virtually non-existent until well into the 15th century. Later Emperors dispensed with the papal coronation altogether, being content with the styling Emperor-Elect: the last Emperor to be crowned by the Pope was Charles V in 1530. [37], In 768, Pepin's son Charlemagne became King of the Franks and began an extensive expansion of the realm. Philip thought he had the backing of the French Pope Clement V (established at Avignon in 1309), and that his prospects of bringing the empire into the orbit of the French royal house were good. On peut distinguer deux grandes périodes dans cette histoire millénaire: In practice, the imperial troops often had local allegiances stronger than their loyalty to the Emperor. Il va s'ensuivre un affaiblissement du titre impérial, livré autant sinon plus qu'avant aux marchandages et aux rivalités entre Électeurs... À partir de la Renaissance, le titre impérial échoit sans discontinuer à la famille des Habsbourg. The Napoleonic Confederation of the Rhine was replaced by a new union, the German Confederation in 1815, following the end of the Napoleonic Wars. [2], Overall population figures for the Holy Roman Empire are extremely vague and vary widely. The number of territories represented in the Imperial Diet was considerable, numbering about 300 at the time of the Peace of Westphalia. [12][13][14] Some historians refer to the coronation of Charlemagne as the origin of the empire,[15][16] while others prefer the coronation of Otto I as its beginning. [51]:101–34 Henry IV repudiated the Pope's interference and persuaded his bishops to excommunicate the Pope, whom he famously addressed by his born name "Hildebrand", rather than his regnal name "Pope Gregory VII". Henry VII was crowned king at Aachen on 6 January 1309, and emperor by Pope Clement V on 29 June 1312 in Rome, ending the interregnum. The Peace of Augsburg ended the war in Germany and accepted the existence of Protestantism in the form of Lutheranism, while Calvinism was still not recognized. This group eventually developed into the college of Electors. [32][33] By the middle of the 8th century, however, the Merovingians had been reduced to figureheads, and the Carolingians, led by Charles Martel, had become the de facto rulers. Au sommet des États princiers se placent les États des Habsbourg, en possession de la couronne impériale depuis 1438 : Autriche, Tyrol, Alsace, Styrie, Carinthie et Carniole (qui sont des possessions héréditaires), auxquels s'ajoutent les États acquis grâce au mariage de Maximilien Ier et Marie de Bourgogne : … Instead, it was divided into dozens – eventually hundreds – of individual entities governed by kings,[65] dukes, counts, bishops, abbots, and other rulers, collectively known as princes. la insignes royaux la Saint-Empire romain, en particulier la couronne, ont été conservés par 1424 un 1796 à Nuremberg, en Allemagne, et ils pourraient quitter la ville que pour les couronnements. Such an ecclesiastic or Churchman was a. En 1486, tandis que se développent partout en Europe les consciences nationales, on en vient à parler du Saint Empire romain germanique ou mieux encore du Saint Empire romain de la nation germanique Charles Quint, élu en 1519, est le dernier empereur à recevoir la … Le Saint Empire romain germanique, qui prit en Occident, selon une forme originale et dans un cadre territorial particulier, la suite de l'Empire romain, lui-même restauré théoriquement entre 800 et 924 dans l'Empire carolingien, fut une institution essentiellement médiévale ; la suprême institution d'ailleurs, puisque, apparu en 962 grâce à l'action d'Otton le Grand, il prétendit très tôt être l' […] Le Saint-Empire romain disparaît le 6 août 1806 lorsque l’empereur François II dépose sa couronne pour n'être plus qu'empereur d'Autriche et, comme l'écrit Ferdinand Lot, le 6 août 1806, date de l'abandon par François II de sa qualité d'empereur des Romains, peut être considéré comme l'acte de décès légal de l'Empire romain [7]. [9][20] The power of the emperor was limited, and while the various princes, lords, bishops, and cities of the empire were vassals who owed the emperor their allegiance, they also possessed an extent of privileges that gave them de facto independence within their territories. The kings beginning with Rudolf I of Germany increasingly relied on the lands of their respective dynasties to support their power. In 1312, Henry VII of the House of Luxembourg was crowned as the first Holy Roman Emperor since Frederick II. At the Battle of Vienna (1683), the Army of the Holy Roman Empire, led by the Polish King John III Sobieski, decisively defeated a large Turkish army, stopping the western Ottoman advance and leading to the eventual dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire in Europe. Il voulait, comme Charlemagne exercer sa suprématie sur l'Église. For example, the estates of the Imperial Knights were formally mediatized in 1806, having de facto been seized by the great territorial states in 1803 in the so-called Rittersturm. The third class was the Council of Imperial Cities, which was divided into two colleges: Swabia and the Rhine. German kings had been elected since the 9th century; at that point they were chosen by the leaders of the five most important tribes (the Salian Franks of Lorraine, Ripuarian Franks of Franconia, Saxons, Bavarians, and Swabians). oeuvres (Avec Date Passif) ROCOCO . In 1212, King Ottokar I (bearing the title "king" since 1198) extracted a Golden Bull of Sicily (a formal edict) from the emperor Frederick II, confirming the royal title for Ottokar and his descendants and the Duchy of Bohemia was raised to a kingdom. An entity was considered a Reichsstand (imperial estate) if, according to feudal law, it had no authority above it except the Holy Roman Emperor himself. For the first time, the permanent nature of the division between the Christian Churches of the empire was more or less assumed.[90]. After Ferdinand died in 1564, his son Maximilian II became Emperor, and like his father accepted the existence of Protestantism and the need for occasional compromise with it. C'est probablement du Saint Empire Romain Germanique mais d'où? après sa dislocation, c'est au xe siècle qu'otton ier le grand reprend à son compte le projet carolingien et fonde le saint empire romain germanique. The exact term "Holy Roman Empire" was not used until the 13th century, before which the empire was referred to variously as universum regnum ("the whole kingdom", as opposed to the regional kingdoms), imperium christianum ("Christian empire"), or Romanum imperium ("Roman empire"),[19] but the Emperor's legitimacy always rested on the concept of translatio imperii,[d] that he held supreme power inherited from the ancient emperors of Rome. Frederick I, also called Frederick Barbarossa, was crowned Emperor in 1155. [26] By the end of the 18th century, the term "Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation" had fallen out of official use. His power was severely restricted by the various local leaders. In the territories (not at the level of the Empire), power became increasingly bundled: whoever owned the land had jurisdiction, from which other powers derived. Henry added the Norman kingdom of Sicily to his domains, held English king Richard the Lionheart captive, and aimed to establish a hereditary monarchy when he died in 1197. Saint Empire romain germanique (n.prop.) [51]:123–34 The political power of the Empire was maintained, but the conflict had demonstrated the limits of the ruler's power, especially in regard to the Church, and it robbed the king of the sacral status he had previously enjoyed. In 1282, Rudolf I thus lent Austria and Styria to his own sons. David Copperfield (1849) est un récit autobiographique dans lequel il relate son enfance malheureuse. This culminated in a war with the sovereign Kingdom of Denmark from 1361 to 1370. multi-ethnic complex of territories in Western and Central Europe (800–1806), The change of territory of the Holy Roman Empire superimposed on present-day state borders, Rise of the territories after the Hohenstaufens, French Revolutionary Wars and final dissolution, Some historians refer to the beginning of the Holy Roman Empire as 800, with the crowning of. During the Hohenstaufen period, German princes facilitated a successful, peaceful eastward settlement of lands that were uninhabited or inhabited sparsely by West Slavs. Here, the king and the dukes agreed on four bills, commonly referred to as the Reichsreform (Imperial Reform): a set of legal acts to give the disintegrating Empire some structure. In 1555, Paul IV was elected pope and took the side of France, whereupon an exhausted Charles finally gave up his hopes of a world Christian empire. Kingship continued to be transferred by election, but Kings often ensured their own sons were elected during their lifetimes, enabling them to keep the crown for their families. Il s'appelle d'abord empire d'Occident puis Saint Empire. Pope Innocent III, who feared the threat posed by a union of the empire and Sicily, was now supported by Frederick II, who marched to Germany and defeated Otto. Another new concept of the time was the systematic foundation of new cities by the Emperor and by the local dukes. Henry gave only lackluster support to Frederick's policies, and in a critical situation during the Italian wars, Henry refused the Emperor's plea for military support. When there was danger, an Army of the Empire was mustered from among the elements constituting it,[71] in order to conduct an imperial military campaign or Reichsheerfahrt. In Germany, the Emperor had repeatedly protected Henry the Lion against complaints by rival princes or cities (especially in the cases of Munich and Lübeck). [50], Otto died young in 1002, and was succeeded by his cousin Henry II, who focused on Germany.[47]:215–17. [35][36] The Carolingians would maintain a close alliance with the Papacy. These sites served however only as the individual residence for a particular sovereign. [41][42] This can be seen as symbolic of the papacy turning away from the declining Byzantine Empire towards the new power of Carolingian Francia. No law required him to be a Catholic, but as the majority of the Electors adhered to this faith, no Protestant was ever elected. While concentrated on establishing a modern, centralized state in Sicily, he was mostly absent from Germany and issued far-reaching privileges to Germany's secular and ecclesiastical princes: in the 1220 Confoederatio cum principibus ecclesiasticis, Frederick gave up a number of regalia in favour of the bishops, among them tariffs, coining, and fortification. Pourtant l'idée d'un ordre universel va survivre, et avec charlemagne un nouvel empire se constitue. [59][60][61], The difficulties in electing the king eventually led to the emergence of a fixed college of prince-electors (Kurfürsten), whose composition and procedures were set forth in the Golden Bull of 1356, which remained valid until 1806. C'est le romancier britannique Charles Dickens (1812-1870) qui en est l'auteur. Each circle had its own parliament, known as a Kreistag ("Circle Diet"), and one or more directors, who coordinated the affairs of the circle. Those two constituted the only officially recognized Protestant denominations, while various other Protestant confessions such as Anabaptism, Arminianism, etc. Cercle du Bas-Rhin. The first class, the Council of Electors, consisted of the electors, or the princes who could vote for King of the Romans. GKD 1992/05. The eastward settlement expanded the influence of the empire to include Pomerania and Silesia, as did the intermarriage of the local, still mostly Slavic, rulers with German spouses. The larger principalities in the HRE, beginning around 1648, also did the same. C'est un blason réalisé pour le Projet Blasons du Wikipédia francophone Origin of picture. After 1257, the crown was contested between Richard of Cornwall, who was supported by the Guelph party, and Alfonso X of Castile, who was recognized by the Hohenstaufen party but never set foot on German soil. The Imperial Chamber court's composition was determined by both the Holy Roman Emperor and the subject states of the Empire. From the High Middle Ages onwards, the Holy Roman Empire was marked by an uneasy coexistence with the princes of the local territories who were struggling to take power away from it. Je m'en remets à vous et je changerai le titre si vous trouvez Poids : 1,41g Diam : 20mm (au plus grand, le flan est légèrement ovale) Le duc reçoit ce jour-là du pape le titre d' « Empereur et Auguste » en récompense des services rendus à la papauté et de ses victoires sur les envahisseurs hongrois. LCNA 1985. Silesia became part of the Holy Roman Empire as the result of the local Piast dukes' push for autonomy from the Polish Crown. Following the Peace of Augsburg, the official religion of a territory was determined by the principle cuius regio, eius religio according to which a ruler's religion determined that of his subjects. Most rulers maintained one or a number of favourites Imperial palace sites, where they would advance development and spent most of their time: Charlemagne (Aachen from 794), Frederick II (Palermo 1220–1254), Wittelsbacher (Munich 1328–1347 and 1744–1745), Habsburger (Prague 1355–1437 and 1576–1611) and (Vienna 1438–1576, 1611–1740 and 1745–1806). Dans un deuxième temps, la tradition veut qu'il aille à Rome recevoir du pape le sacre et le titre impérial. For electors the title became hereditary, and they were given the right to mint coins and to exercise jurisdiction. More recent estimates use less outdated criteria, but they remain guesswork. Objets associés à SAINT-EMPIRE ROMAIN GERMANIQUE : abonné : oeuvres (Sans Date Actif) CARTE HISTORIQUE . Fearing Frederick's concentration of power, the Pope finally excommunicated the Emperor. Date de mort : 1806. Albert was assassinated in 1308. Evans, R.J.W., and Peter H. Wilson, eds. 65 ecclesiastical states with 14 percent of the total land area and 12 percent of the population; 45 dynastic principalities with 80 percent of the land and 80 percent of the population; 60 dynastic counties and lordships with 3 percent of the land and 3.5 percent of the population; 60 imperial towns with 1 percent of the land and 3.5 percent of the population; Imperial knights' territories, numbering into the several hundreds, with 2 percent of the land and 1 percent of the population. The army was half forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, mostly cavalry, and half forces of the Holy Roman Empire, mostly infantry. [22] The new title was adopted partly because the Empire had lost most of its territories in Italy and Burgundy (the Kingdom of Arles) to the south and west by the late 15th century,[25] but also to emphasize the new importance of the German Imperial Estates in ruling the Empire due to the Imperial Reform. The medieval idea of unifying all Christendom into a single political entity, with the Church and the Empire as its leading institutions, began to decline. The empire was dissolved on 6 August 1806, when the last Holy Roman Emperor Francis II (from 1804, Emperor Francis I of Austria) abdicated, following a military defeat by the French under Napoleon at Austerlitz (see Treaty of Pressburg). Bd. Important : l'approbation du pape n'est plus requise pour valider l'élection. Meanwhile, the German princes had elected another king, Rudolf of Swabia. 316–317. All other historic member states of the Holy Roman Empire were either dissolved or have adopted republican systems of government. Henceforth, the conversion of a ruler to another faith did not entail the conversion of his subjects. the territory of today's Poland and Czech Republic) became German-speaking. However, while by the end of the 15th century the Empire was still in theory composed of three major blocks – Italy, Germany, and Burgundy – in practice only the Kingdom of Germany remained, with the Burgundian territories lost to France and the Italian territories, ignored in the Imperial Reform, although formally part of the Empire, were splintered into numerous de facto independent territorial entities. He was the first of the Habsburgs to hold a royal title, but he was never crowned emperor. 2. When Bohemians rebelled against the Emperor, the immediate result was the series of conflicts known as the Thirty Years' War (1618–48), which devastated the Empire. dans l'histoire de l'Antiquité classique avec l'Empire romain, dont le nom fut donné par les historiens à la période de la Rome antique, s'étendant entre 27 avant notre ère et 476 de notre ère. The German dualism between Austria and Prussia dominated the empire's history after 1740. Charles III le Gros (839-888) est le dernier empereur qui, après avoir été couronné par le pape, ait théoriquement régné sur toutes les parties de l'Empire. As the result of Ostsiedlung, less-populated regions of Central Europe (i.e. L'Empire est constitué de 350 à 390 entités politiques d'une grande diversité, depuis les États princiers jusqu'aux villes libres. In addition to conflicts between his Spanish and German inheritances, conflicts of religion would be another source of tension during the reign of Charles V. Before Charles's reign in the Holy Roman Empire began, in 1517, Martin Luther launched what would later be known as the Reformation. Leipzig u. Wien : Bibliogr. The dukes often conducted feuds against each other – feuds that, more often than not, escalated into local wars. From 1792 onwards, revolutionary France was at war with various parts of the Empire intermittently. [44]:117 On his deathbed, Conrad yielded the crown to his main rival, Henry the Fowler of Saxony (r. 919–36), who was elected king at the Diet of Fritzlar in 919. C'est ce qui reste de la Francie médiane ou Lotharingie. The actual end of the empire came in several steps. Autres identifiants. Cependant, le souvenir de l'Empire carolingien subsiste dans les esprits. The second class, the Council of Princes, consisted of the other princes. This ensured for the first time that all the realms of what is now Spain would be united by one monarch under one nascent Spanish crown. Le saint empire romain germanique (962-1802) (Dans l'expression usuelle « saint empire romain germanique », l'adjectif « saint » n'est attesté qu'en 1157 et le complément « germanique » n'est ajouté qu'au XV° siècle).. Otton Ier, (Otton le grand) : un empereur protège et dirige l'Eglise. Saint-Empire romain germanique m Holy Roman Empire (literally “Germanic Roman Holy-Empire”) Further reading The empire never achieved the extent of political unification as was formed to the west in France, evolving instead into a decentralized, limited elective monarchy composed of hundreds of sub-units: kingdoms, principalities, duchies, counties, prince-bishoprics, Free Imperial Cities, and other domains. Léopold Ier de Habsbourg, né à Vienne le 9 juin 1640 et décédé dans la même ville le 5 mai 1705, fut roi de Hongrie (1655) et de Bohême (1657), puis archiduc d'Autriche et élu empereur des Romains (1658). Source. [74], Until the 15th century the elected emperor was crowned and anointed by the Pope in Rome, among some exceptions in Ravenna, Bologna and Reims. Upon Louis' death in 840, it passed to his son Lothair, who had been his co-ruler. [47]:214–15 In 955, Otto won a decisive victory over the Magyars in the Battle of Lechfeld. Sa troisième composante est le royaume d'Arles et de Vienne, précédemment royaume de Bourgogne et de Provence. The imperial estates comprised: A sum total of 1,500 Imperial estates has been reckoned. Conrad's death was followed by the Interregnum, during which no king could achieve universal recognition, allowing the princes to consolidate their holdings and become even more independent rulers. When Frederick III needed the dukes to finance a war against Hungary in 1486, and at the same time had his son (later Maximilian I) elected king, he faced a demand from the united dukes for their participation in an Imperial Court.